Recommendations For Health Professionals Research Articles

Physical activity should be the primary intervention for individuals living with chronic pain A position paper from the European Pain Federation (EFIC) 'On the Move' Task Force.

There is clear evidence demonstrating the benefits of physical activity (PA) on pain and overall health, however, PA is challenging for many individuals living with chronic pain. Even non-exercise specialists can (cost) effectively promote PA, but many health professionals report a number of barriers in providing guidance on PA, suggesting that it is not consistently promoted. This expert position paper summarizes the evidence and provides five recommendations for health professionals to assess, advise and support individuals living with any chronic pain condition with a long life expectancy in adopting and sustaining physically active lifestyles. This position paper was prepared by the 'On The Move' Task Force of the European Pain Federation EFIC. Final recommendations were endorsed by the European Pain Forum, Pain Alliance Europe and the Executive Board of EFIC. We recommend that all health professionals (1) Take a history of the persons' PA levels, and put PA on the agenda, (2) Advise that PA is important and safe for individuals living with chronic pain, (3) Deliver a brief PA intervention and support individuals living with chronic pain in becoming physically active, (4) Discuss acceptable levels of PA-related soreness and pain and (5) Provide ongoing support in staying physically active. Physical activity is safe and offers several advantages, including general health benefits, low risk of side effects, low cost and not requiring access to healthcare. Adoption of these recommendations can improve the quality of care and life of individuals living with chronic pain and reduce their overall health risks.

Botánicas Function as Health Care Safety Nets Among Hispanic American Immigrants: A Brief Report.

As the U.S. population becomes more racially/ethnically diverse, the Hispanic American immigrant population has slowly grown in recent years. In the face of anti-immigrant policies, limited access to care, fear of deportation, discrimination, stigmatization, poverty, and other stressors, Hispanic American immigrants seek services from botánicas for religious, spiritual, medical, and psychosocial health reasons, including the accessibility and affordability of services from folk practitioners in these herbal dispensaries. Hispanics are the primary consumers of herbal remedies and complementary and alternative medicines in the United States. The purpose of this article is to emphasize the critical role of botánicas in the health and wellness of Hispanic American immigrants. Recommendations for health professionals are provided in the care of Hispanic Americans who utilize folk, traditional, and herbal medicines for health and healing.

LGBQ-affirming clinical recommendations forcompulsive sexual behavior disorder.

Since the inclusion of Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder (CSBD) in the International Classification of Diseases (11th ed.), there has been little effort placed into developing clinical recommendations for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer (LGBQ) clients with this condition. Thus, we develop preliminary clinical recommendations for mental health professionals working with LGBQ clients who may be struggling with CSBD. The present paper synthesizes the CSBD literature with advances in LGBQ-affirming care to develop assessment and treatment recommendations. These recommendations are discussed within the context of minority stress theory, which provides an empirically supported explanation for how anti-LGBQ stigma may contribute to the development of mental health conditions in LGBQ populations. Assessment recommendations are designed to assist mental health professionals in distinguishing aspects of an LGBQ client's sociocultural context from CSBD symptomology, given recent concerns that these constructs may be wrongly conflated and result in misdiagnosis. The treatment recommendations consist of broadly applicable, evidence-based principles that can be leveraged by mental health professionals of various theoretical orientations to provide LGBQ-affirming treatment for CSBD. The present article provides theoretically and empirically supported recommendations for mental health professionals who want to provide LGBQ-affirming care for CSBD. Given the preliminary nature of these recommendations, future research is needed to investigate their clinical applicability and efficacy.

Ethno-Racial Inequities of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications and Recommendations for Mental Health Professionals

AbstractThe coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has disproportionately impacted Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) communities due to systemic health disparities based on race, ethnicity, and systemic inequities. Among extent literature on BIPOC mental health and COVID-19, there is a pressing need for culturally responsive, trauma-informed treatment approaches that go beyond the broader impacts of the pandemic or immediate pandemic-related concerns and address the persisting impacts of the COVID-19 on BIPOC mental health. To this end, our article aims to equip professional counselors with the necessary tools to serve BIPOC clients more effectively by (1) understanding the ethno-racial inequities of the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) assessing the intersectional dimensions of stress and trauma associated with COVID-19, and (3) employing therapeutic approaches to promote physical and mental well-being in BIPOC clients.

Attitudes and behaviors of maternal Tdap vaccination in Panama, Peru, and Colombia: An international cross-sectional study

IntroductionDespite a recommendation by PAHO for Tdap vaccination in pregnant women since 2019, uptake remains suboptimal across Latin America. This study evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of women towards maternal Tdap vaccination in Colombia, Peru, and Panama to identify the critical behavioral and social drivers of Tdap vaccine uptake during pregnancy. MethodsA cross-sectional online survey was undertaken between December 8, 2022, and January 11, 2023, targeting women in Colombia, Peru, or Panama with a child 12 months or under. We collected data on respondents’ demographics, social and behavioral determinants of vaccine acceptance, determinants of vaccine uptake (using the validated 5As taxonomy), and previous vaccination experience. ResultsIn the 938 respondents who completed the survey (Panama, n = 325; Peru, n = 305; Colombia, n = 308), 73–80 % had received the influenza vaccine, whereas only 30–39 % had received a Tdap vaccine. Significant correlates of Tdap vaccine uptake common to all three countries included a health professional recommendation, knowledge of the vaccine and location of vaccination, perceived vulnerability to pertussis infection, perceived importance of immunization, and receipt of a reminder. In specific countries, nonvaccinated women were more likely to cite issues with ease of access (Panama, Colombia), affordability (opportunity costs; Peru, Colombia), and understanding the rationale for vaccination in pregnancy (Panama, Colombia). ConclusionTo increase maternal Tdap vaccine uptake, health professionals should be encouraged to recommend vaccination consistently, and pregnant women should receive reminders explaining why and where to be vaccinated.

INFLUENCE OF PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STRESS IN PREGNANT WOMEN AND CHILDBIRTH ON THE CONDITION OF THE NEWBORN DURING MILITARY AGGRESSION

The article presents a comprehensive review of the consequences of psycho- emotional stress associated with military aggression on pregnant women, mothers in labor, and newborns.The purpose of the theoretical study is to gain a deeper understanding of these issues in order to improve the practical approach to supporting pregnant women and mothers in childbirth in cases of military aggression. The effects of shock on a pregnant woman’s hormonal balance, on the likelihood of preterm birth, low birth weight, and developmental defects will be analyzed. The neuropsychological mechanisms that cause these phenomena are revealed. Special attention is given to the impact of war stress on the interaction between mother and newborn and the possible negative consequences for the newborn. The article includes an overview of protocols and programs aimed at reducing the negative eff ects of stress and presents recommendations for mothers and health professionals. This will help to develop science- based policies and programs to reduce the negative eff ects of stress and improve the quality of life of mothers and infants. In addition, the article aims to emphasize the relevance of this problem for the Ukrainian mental health care system and to draw attention to the need for further research and development of eff ective strategies to support pregnant women and newborns in the context of military confl ict.

Visioning an Effective Health Encounter: Indigenous Healthcare Experiences and Recommendations for Health Professionals.

Indigenous patients experience challenges while accessing and utilizing healthcare services that relate to worsened health experiences. Bias towards Indigenous patients is prevalent in healthcare settings and leads to poor health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to learn about the healthcare experiences, both positive and negative, of Indigenous patients and solicit subsequent recommendations to improve care delivered to this population. This study sampled Indigenous patients (n = 20) from an Indigenous-serving health clinic to discuss participants' health experiences and elicit recommendations for improved care. Four focus groups were conducted, and template analysis was employed to analyze the data. A total of 15 themes were developed under the category of an effective health encounter. Highlighted themes include healthcare that is free of stigma, quality care, respecting trauma experiences, expanded integrated care and the patient-provider relationship. Based on participant recommendations, a checklist was created for healthcare professionals to improve care delivery to Indigenous patients. Results indicated that bias in healthcare settings may masquerade as poor clinical care but is really founded in biased beliefs and healthcare delivery. Alternatively, when patients received good quality care, their healthcare outcomes improved. Further, effective healthcare incorporates culture, family, tribe, and community and addresses these aspects of health in both clinical and systemic settings. With some of the largest proportions of health disparities and bias experiences in the US, it is critical that healthcare delivered to Indigenous patients incorporate culturally safe care to regain dignity and improve health outcomes for this population.

Coaching wellness, health, and success: Leveraging the potential of Black male coaches to promote positive outcomes for Black K-12 students

ABSTRACTWhile there are low percentages of Black males as educators, psychologists, pediatricians, and psychiatrists, Black students are more likely to have a Black male athletic coach. Previous research on the role of Black male coaches has demonstrated that there are several positive outcomes (i.e., academics, social skills, and reducing misbehaviors to deter criminalization) when the racial identity of Black students is matched with a Black coach. Black male coaches are an understudied cultural asset to the Black community. Therefore, this article explores how Black male coaches can be used to accelerate the closure of the opportunity gap by promoting community wellness, health, and academic success for Black youth. The recommendations for policymakers, educators, and school mental health professionals were written in collaboration with a Black male teacher-coach who works in a predominately Black high school setting.

A Qualitative Exploration of the Experience of Child Feeding Among Ukrainian Refugee and Immigrant Mothers During Escape and Relocation

With the continued armed conflict impacting Ukrainian families, it is important to understand the influence of escape, displacement, and relocation on the disruption to daily life, particularly on young child feeding. A phenomenological study explored 16 refugee mothers' experiences and perceptions of feeding young children since the onset of the conflict and following relocation to America or Israel. Four themes were identified from the narratives: culturally-based perceptions of young child nutrition; breastfeeding during the conflict and relocation; challenges with accessing nutritious food during the conflict and relocation; and food adaptation on relocation. These findings deepen our understanding of the impact of culture on child-feeding beliefs and practices and can be used to develop a population-focused approach to formulate recommendations for health professionals in providing culturally relevant feeding education and support for refugee mothers and their children.

The Experience of Hearing Voices: Challenges and Coping Mechanisms

Auditory hallucinations or hearing voices are often associated with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. However, several voice-hearers do not have any mental health issues or diagnoses. The study presented in this paper aimed to explore how voice-hearers understand and react to their concerns by reflecting on and exploring their experiences and interpretations of these experiences. The participants were nine individuals - three females, four males and two others, all experiencing auditory hallucinations for at least five years, residing either at their home or at one of the Hostels run by Richmond Foundation (Malta). A qualitative approach following the principles of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore how the participants perceive their voices, what coping strategies are used, and how their experiences affect their lives. Four super-ordinate themes related to the participants’ perceptions and their interpretation of the experience of hearing voices were identified: ‘A tough experience’, ‘Methods used to cope with voices’, ‘Factors linked to recovery’ and ‘Relationships’. Furthermore, the study elicited the voice-hearers’ recommendations (both for other voice-hearers and mental health professionals).

Graphical User Interface Development for a Hospital-Based Predictive Risk Tool: Protocol for a Co-Design Study.

This co-design research method details the iterative process developed to identify health professional recommendations for the graphical user interface (GUI) of an artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled risk prediction tool. Driving the decision to include a co-design process is the belief that choices regarding the aesthetic and functionality of an intervention are best made by its intended users and that engaging these users in its design will promote the tool's adoption and use. The aim of this research is to identify health professional design and uptake recommendations for the GUI of an AI-enabled predictive risk tool. We will hold 3 research phases, each consisting of 2 workshops with health professionals, between mid-2023 and mid-2024. A total of 6 health professionals will be sought per workshop, resulting in a total enrollment of 36 health professionals at the conclusion of the research. A total of 7 workshop activities have been scheduled across the 3 workshops; these include context of use, notifiers, format, AI survey-Likert, prototype, AI survey-written, and testing. The first 6 of these activities will be repeated in each workshop to enable the iterative development and refinement of GUI. The last activity (testing) will be performed in the final workshop to examine health professionals' thoughts on the final GUI iteration. Qualitative and quantitative results data will be produced from tasks in each research activity. Qualitative data will be examined through inductive thematic analysis or deductive thematic analysis in accordance with the Nonadoption, Abandonment, and Challenges to the Scale-up, Spread, and Sustainability (NASSS) framework; visual data will be examined in accordance with "framework of interactivity;" and quantitative data will be examined using descriptive statistics. Project registration with the Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry has been requested (#384098). Finalized design recommendations are expected in early to mid-2024, with a results manuscript to be submitted in mid-2024. This research method has human research ethics approval from the South Australian Department of Health and Wellbeing (#2022/HRE00131) as well as from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the University of South Australia (application ID#204143). Understanding whether an intervention is needed in a particular situation is just the start; designing an intervention so that it is used within that situation is paramount. This co-design process engages end users to create a GUI that includes the aesthetic and functional details they need in a manner that aligns with their existing work practices. Indeed, interventions that fail to do this may be disliked, and at worst, they may be dangerous. PRR1-10.2196/47717.

New guidance for self-harm: an opportunity not to be missed.

In this editorial we, as members of the 2022 NICE Guideline Committee, highlight and discuss what, in our view, are the key guideline recommendations (generated through evidence synthesis and consensus) for mental health professionals when caring for people after self-harm, and we consider some of the implementation challenges.

An Exploratory Study of Bone Health Among Native Hawaiian Women in Rural Hawai'i.

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on bone mass density for Native Hawaiian women and to better understand the socio-cultural context for assessing bone health and risk of osteoporosis for this underserved population. A sequential mixed-method design guided by Leininger's Culture Care Theory of Diversity and Universality consisted of two phases: (a) an initial exploratory focus group and (b) dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans and individual interviews. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Phase a (n = 12) suggested that Native Hawaiian women have limited knowledge of bone health, but recognize traditional and cultural ways of health. Phase b (n = 50) showed that Native Hawaiian women have healthy bones, according to the T-score results. The interviews suggested that perspectives of bone health are culturally anchored. Understanding cultural values and practices are vital for care. Preliminary recommendations for health professionals are included.

Coming-out as a gay man in Egypt: a cultural perspective

ABSTRACT This study examined the process of coming-out of selected Egyptian gay men using an interactionist sexual identity development model that described this process as a way of creating an identity through interactions with others, rather than independently discovering one’s essence. Thematic analysis of these individuals’ personal accounts of disclosing sexual identity via social media corroborated this sexual identity development model. Moreover, thematic analysis added cultural depth to this model by highlighting the role of collectivistic values, such as conformity to societal expectations and fear of disrupting family harmony, in creating experiences of regret and selectivity after disclosing sexual identity. Clinical recommendations for mental health professionals who help gay clients navigate the process of coming-out in a collectivistic cultural context are provided.

Envenomation From Flood-Related Fire Ant Rafting: A Cautionary Note

BackgroundImported fire ants aggressively sting humans, leading to a variety of local and systemic effects. Fire ants display a behavioral adaptation to survive flooding, called “rafting,” bringing humans into even more contact with fire ants. MethodsTo assess frequency of encounters with fire ant rafts, duck hunters on the website “Duck Hunter's Forum” were asked about their experiences with the ants while wading or boating in flooded areas. All members of the group received a brief explanation and asked to respond directly if they had had such an encounter. They were then asked to fill out a short 6-question survey. ResultsThere were 2021 views of the thread about fire ant raft encounters, with 35 (1.7%) responses. Twenty-four (68.6%) said they had experienced encounters with fire ant rafts. Six responders described purposely or inadvertently physically touching the rafts with their body parts, boat, or a paddle, causing the ants to enter their boat or to climb directly onto the hunter(s). Five respondents were stung (number of stings from “a few” to 50), describing reactions to stings as “small pustules,” “whelps,” and “pimple-like, puss-filled whelps.” ConclusionsThese results confirm that fire ant rafts formed during flooding present a potential hazard to persons walking, wading, or boating in those areas. We suggest that these rafts are an under-appreciated health hazard. It is reasonable to assume that people in flooded areas occasionally contact these floating rafts and are stung multiple times. We provide preliminary prevention/protection recommendations for health professionals, to be shared with their patients and the general public.

Dietitians' and nutritionists' knowledge and views on aspects of health claims regulation in the UK: Do we inadvertently shoot the messenger?

Article 12(c) of the Nutrition and Health Claims Regulation (NHCR) prohibits authorised health claims in consumer-facing commercial communications which make reference to the recommendations of individual doctors or health professionals. However, this has been controversial amongst dietitians and nutritionists who work in commercial settings. Given the lack of empirical data, a survey was conducted amongst UK-based nutrition professionals to assess their knowledge of, and attitudes to, Article 12(c). The findings revealed confusion about the scope of the regulation and how it applies to working practices, with a considerable proportion of respondents being unable to recognise examples of commercial communications or health claims, indicating a need for additional training. There was also a broad interpretation of what nutrition professionals could, and could not, say about a hypothetical food product. This paper explores current guidance in Great Britain and debates the proportionality and fairness of Article 12(c), which, at present, does not regulate authorised health claims made by influencers or celebrities in commercial communications to consumers. It could be argued that consumers are better protected by the articulation of health claims by nutrition professionals who are guided by codes of practice rather than by unqualified, unregulated individuals. Hence, it is essential to level the regulatory playing field either by revising the NHCR to amend Article 12(c) or by updating the guidance to apply an interpretation of the Article's intention which enables a broader role for nutrition professionals in commercial communications. Such action would also be consistent with the UK's better regulation agenda to ensure evidence-based, proportionate regulation for industry.

CDC Issues New Opioid Prescribing Guideline

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Clinical & ResearchFull AccessCDC Issues New Opioid Prescribing GuidelineTerri D'ArrigoTerri D'ArrigoSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:12 Jan 2023https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.pn.2023.02.2.12AbstractThe new guideline emphasizes flexibility and addresses challenges that arose after the 2016 guideline was released.Late last year the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released a new guideline for prescribing opioids that includes updated and expanded recommendations for health professionals who provide pain care for adult outpatients with short- and long-term pain.The guideline is meant to address challenges that developed in the wake of the 2016 guideline and to add more flexibility in opioid prescribing.“Of particular concern, some policies purportedly drawn from the 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline have been notably inconsistent with it and have gone well beyond its clinical recommendations,” the 2022 guideline states. “Such misapplication includes extension to patient populations not covered in the 2016 CDC Opioid Prescribing Guideline (e.g., cancer and palliative care patients), rapid opioid tapers and abrupt discontinuation without collaboration with patients, rigid application of opioid dosage thresholds, application of the guideline’s recommendations for opioid use for pain to medications for opioid use disorder treatment (previously referred to as medication assisted treatment), duration limits by insurers and pharmacies, and patient dismissal and abandonment.”The 2022 guideline addresses the following:Determining whether to initiate opioids for pain.Selecting opioids and determining opioid dosages.Deciding duration of initial opioid prescription and conducting follow-up.Assessing risk and addressing potential harms of opioid use.The guideline also supports the development and promotion of evidence-based treatments to manage pain and expands recommendations for tapering opioids for patients already receiving opioid therapy.The guideline should not be used as an inflexible standard of care or rigid policy or law, says Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., Dr.P.H., M.P.H.According to Christopher M. Jones, Pharm.D., Dr.P.H., M.P.H., acting director of CDC’s National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, the guideline includes new structural elements that make it very clear that the guideline is a clinical tool to support individualized care and should not be used as an inflexible standard of care or rigid policy or law.Patients who have been taking opioids long term for chronic pain who appear unstable or show a decrease in function should be thoroughly evaluated for opioid use disorder, says Andrew J. Saxon, M.D.“To emphasize flexibility and encourage individualized care in using the new guideline, we have highlighted overarching principles of safe and effective pain treatment rather than focusing on specific dosage thresholds,” Jones told Psychiatric News. “For example, we do not include a specific days supply recommendation or morphine milligram equivalent dose … like was done with the 2016 guideline.”The guideline also addresses opioid prescribing for various populations that are often represented in psychiatric practice.“Of particular note for addiction psychiatrists, general psychiatrists, and others working with patients who have substance use disorders or mental disorders, we have expanded the evidence base around the use of opioid pain medication and other pain treatments and risk mitigation and treatment strategies in certain groups, like older adults and pregnant people, and in people with conditions posing special risks, such as those with a history of substance use disorder and mental health issues,” Jones said.Andrew J. Saxon, M.D., the director of the Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education at the VA Puget Sound Health Care System and a former member of APA’s Council on Addiction Psychiatry, stressed the importance of evaluating patients who have been taking opioids long term (prescribed opioids continuously for more than 90 days).“Patients currently on long-term opioid therapy for chronic pain who appear unstable or show a decrement in function should be thoroughly evaluated for opioid use disorder,” Saxon said. “If they have opioid use disorder, they should be transitioned from opioid therapy to medication for opioid use disorder, typically buprenorphine, though it could be methadone if an Opioid Treatment Program is available and the patient is amenable. If the patient does not have opioid use disorder or refuses medication for opioid use disorder, a careful clinical decision will need to be made regarding continuation of opioids versus tapering, with very careful monitoring in either case.” ■Resource“CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022” ISSUES NewArchived

A Global Emergency: Identifying Priorities for Reforming International Emergency Medical Systems

Emergency Medical Systems differ around the world and perform at varying levels of effectiveness. This study analyzed how well countries met the emergency response requirements for emergency medical teams set by the World Health Organization and professional literature recommendations in the three levels of country classifications set by the United Nations. This was conducted through a stratified random sample of ten countries in the categories: developed, economies in transition, and developing, for a total of thirty countries. Each country was qualitatively analyzed for emergency response times, types of public-to-provider communication, insurance/financial coverage, certification level of emergency care provider, and level of emergency hospital care. These areas were compared to the WHO recommendations and the higher standards of care recommended by the professional literature. It was found that 90% of developing countries did not meet the WHO recommendation compared to 50% of transitioning economies, and 10% of developed countries. There was a strong positive correlation between Gross Domestic Product and overall effectiveness of an EMS system. Moving forward, it is recommended that the underlying problems be identified, risk factors evaluated, possible interventions created, and implementing interventions in developing countries to improve communication from public to provider in pre-hospital care, and hospital emergency care

Breast Cancer Screening Behavior and its Contributing Factors among Women of Pokhara Nepal

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the most prevalent cancer in both industrialized and developing nations among women. Early screening play a vital role in cancer identification and prevention, potentially decreasing mortality due to breast cancer. The study’s primary goal was to find out breast cancer screening behavior and factors related to it among women of Pokhara.
 Methods: A survey was carried out among the 269 women residing in ward number 33, Pokhara using systematic sampling. Pokhara University Institutional Review Committee provided approval for the the study. Data were gathered through the use of validated questionnaire. Chi-square test has been applied to analyze the relationship between variables.
 Results: Out of 269 women, only 15.6% ever heard of breast cancer screening measures. Among those who are informed about breast cancer screening only 12.3% of women screened at least once in their life for carcinoma of breast. Breast self-examination, clinical breast exam, mammography, and breast ultrasound were practiced once in a life by 1.9%, 6.8%, 3.3% and 0.3% of women, respectively. Women educational level, ever heard of breast cancer screening programs, institutional factors, pain, concern of cost, availability of female doctor were associated with breast cancer screening.
 Conclusion: Overall, cancer screening behavior was poor in women of this location. Educational level, breast cancer screening information and health professional recommendation were identified as important factors for breast carcinoma screening behavior.

Analysis of Vector-host SEIR-SEI Dengue Epidemiological Model

Approximately worldwide 50 nations are still infected with the deadly dengue virus. This mosquito-borne illness spreads rapidly. Epidemiological models can provide fundamental recommendations for public health professionals, allowing them to analyze variables impacting disease prevention and control efforts. In this paper, we present a host-vector mathematical model that depicts the Dengue virus transmission dynamics utilizing a susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model for the human interacting with a susceptible-exposed-infected (SEI) model for the mosquito. Using the Next Generation Technique, the basic reproduction number of the model is calculated. The local stability shows that if R0<1 the system is asymptotically stable and the disease dies out, otherwise unstable. The Lyapunov function is also used to evaluate the global stability of disease-free and endemic equilibrium points. To analyze the effect of the crucial aspects of the disease's transmission and to validate the analytical findings, numerical simulations of a variety of compartments have been constructed using MATLAB. The sensitivity analysis of the epidemic model is performed to establish the relative significance of the model parameters to disease transmission.